Kwa zaka masauzande ambiri, anthu amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mphatso za chilengedwe: zitsulo, matabwa, mphira, utomoni… maatomu a haidrojeni, kupanga zinthu zatsopano zomwe sizinawonekepo pa Dziko Lapansi.
Tekinoloje ya nitrocellulose yopanga ma celluloid ndi gawo losinthira ukadaulo wa pulasitiki kuchokera ku 0 mpaka 1, ndipo m'malingaliro amasiku ano, iyi ndi gawo laling'ono chabe pakuyenda kwakutali.Hyatt anachita "modification reaction" pa ulusi wa thonje wosungunuka mu asidi wa nitric, kotero kuti ma macromolecular celluloses adasweka ndikukonzedwanso m'njira yatsopano, ndipo ulusi wamba wamba unabadwanso.anabadwanso.Komabe, cellulose palokha ndi polima, ndipo celluloid imangopanganso mapadi, ndipo satulutsa mapadi pamlingo wa maselo.Tikaphunzira kusintha mamolekyu, kodi tidzapeza zinthu zamatsenga zotani?

Sitiyenera kudikira motalika kwambiri.Patangotha ​​zaka 4 kuchokera pamene Hyatt anakumana ndi celluloid, katswiri wa zamankhwala wa ku Germany Adolf von Baeyer anagwiritsa ntchito formaldehyde ndi phenol kupanga pulasitiki yatsopano: phenolic resin.Panthawi imodzimodziyo, chilango chatsopano cha chemistry chinatsegulidwa: polymerization.M'munda wa organic chemistry, polymerization ndi mtundu wamatsenga wakuda womwe umasintha mwala kukhala golide.Iwo intertwines formaldehyde mamolekyu ndi phenol mamolekyu mu ukonde waukulu, ndipo potsiriza amabala munthu wamkulu amene sangathe ngakhale kuzindikira bambo ake formaldehyde ndi mayi ake phenol.henolic Resin.

M'munda wamafakitale, pulasitiki ya phenolic resin imatchedwa "bakelite" chifukwa ndi insulating, anti-static, komanso kutentha kwambiri.Ndizinthu zabwino kwambiri zopangira ma switch zoziziritsa kukhosi, kuti mutha kuyatsa magetsi tsiku lililonse osadandaula ndi kugwedezeka kwamagetsi.Kuchokera pakuwoneka bwino kwa kristalo, zimakhala zovuta kuwona kudabwitsa kwa mankhwalawa: chidutswa chilichonse cha bakelite ndi molekyulu yayikulu, molekyulu yomwe ndi yayikulu mokwanira kugwidwa m'manja mwanu!
M'malingaliro athu, molekyu ikuwoneka ngati chinthu chaching'ono kuyambira nthawi zakale.Dontho lamadzi lili ndi mamolekyu amadzi pafupifupi 1.67 × 10 21.Zopangira za phenolic resin, formaldehyde ndi phenol, ndi mamolekyu ang'onoang'ono komanso osadabwitsa, okhala ndi zolemera zamamolekyulu 30 ndi 94, motsatana, koma ngati mukufuna kufunsa kulemera kwa molekyulu ya phenolic resin, mutha kujambula ziro makumi awiri kapena makumi atatu pambuyo pake. 1.

Kuwona ndikwabwino kuposa kuwona.Ngati mukufuna kukhala ndi mphamvu yowopsa ya polymerization, mutha kuthera masekondi 10 mukuwona kuphulika kwa polymerization mutatha kutentha p-nitroaniline ndi sulfuric acid.Njira yaying'ono yokhala ndi theka la mbale yomwe ili pa chithunzi chakumanzere imakula pang'onopang'ono ndikusuta ikatenthedwa, ndipo mamolekyu a p-nitroaniline amawoloka ndikuma polymerize pamlingo wokulirapo.Potsirizira pake, phirilo limaphulika pasanathe sekondi imodzi, ndipo mtengo waukuluwo umamera modzidzimutsa.Optimus Prime.Ngakhale kuti chipilala chamdimachi chikuwoneka champhamvu, kwenikweni ndi mawonekedwe a siponji owoneka bwino komanso opangidwa ndi p-nitroaniline sulfonate, ndipo idzakhala phulusa ndikufinya pang'ono.

Chifukwa cha ma polymerization, m'zaka makumi angapo chabe, mapulasitiki odziwika bwino a "poly" adatuluka m'makampani opanga mankhwala: polyamide, polyurethane, polyethylene, polystyrene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polypropylene, Polyester……
Chani?Mukuti simukuwadziwa mayina odabwitsawa?Palibe, ndikumasulirani.
Polyamide (yomwe imadziwikanso kuti Nylon): Yopangidwa ndi DuPont mu 1930, ulusi woyamba kupanga padziko lonse lapansi, sunadutsidwe ndi omwe akupikisana nawo kwa zaka pafupifupi 100.

Polyethylene: Pulasitiki yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamoyo watsiku ndi tsiku.

Polystyrene (yomwe imadziwikanso kuti Poly Dragon): yofunikira kwa otengera komanso otumiza

Polypropylene: imalimbana ndi kutentha mpaka 140 ° C, ndipo sichimakhudzidwa ndi ma acid, alkalis, ndi mchere, ndipo ndi chisankho choyamba cha mabokosi a microwave.

Polytetrafluoroethylene (yomwe imadziwikanso kuti Teflon): Imadziwika kuti "King of Plastics", imatha kugwira ntchito mosiyanasiyana -180 ~ 250 ℃, ndipo imakhala yosasungunuka muzosungunulira zonse, ngakhale mumadzi owiritsa a aqua regia.Ingoyikani gawo lopyapyala pansi pa poto kuti likhale poto lalitali lopanda ndodo

Ulusi wa poliyesitala (polyester): wodzaza ndi kukhuthala, kusamva makwinya, osachita chitsulo, osamva mildew, pafupifupi zovala zonse zogulidwa pamtengo zimakhala nazo, makamaka zovala zamasewera.

Polyurethane: Wolemekezedwa ndi Bayer mu 1937, ali ndi mphamvu zambiri komanso kutsika kwamafuta, ndipo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga khoma.Koma mwina mumadziwa bwino buku la 0.01 mm m'moyo wanu watsiku ndi tsiku.

Ndikakuuzani kuti chakudya cha aliyense, zovala, nyumba ndi zoyendera sizingasiyanitsidwe ndi pulasitiki, mwina anthu ambiri amandiyang'ana ndi mawu odabwitsa.Inde, ndizochulukira, zochulukira kuziwona, zochulukira kuiwala, tikukhala m'dziko lapulasitiki tsiku lililonse.Timaphika mu miphika ya pulasitiki, timadya m'mabokosi apulasitiki, timamwa m'mabotolo apulasitiki, timatsuka m'mabeseni apulasitiki, timasamba m'mabafa apulasitiki, timavala zovala zapulasitiki kuti tituluke, timayendetsa magalimoto apulasitiki 50% kuntchito, kutsegula Laptop yapulasitiki, kulemba nkhaniyi. pa kiyibodi ya pulasitiki - ndipo mukuiwerenga ikugwedeza foni yanu yapulasitiki.
Pakadali pano, mapulasitiki masauzande ambiri apangidwa padziko lonse lapansi.Ziwerengero zenizeni sizingathe kuwerengedwa, ndipo palibe tanthauzo lachiwerengero, chifukwa mapulasitiki ambiri kapena mazana a mapulasitiki atsopano amatuluka chaka chilichonse, ndipo mphindi iliyonse ndi sekondi iliyonse, ogwira ntchito ku R & D amawongolera ndondomeko ndi kupanga mapulasitiki mu labotale.Chiyambireni ma celluloid apulasitiki opangidwa mochuluka, tapanga matani 7 biliyoni a pulasitiki, ndipo ngati atapangidwa kukhala chingwe, amatha kukulunga dziko lonse lapansi - mochuluka?Tsopano tikupanga matani 1 biliyoni apulasitiki zaka zitatu zilizonse.Kwa makampani opanga mankhwala apulasitiki azaka 140, ndi chiyambi chabe.
Pamene anthu adzatha, akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale achilendo adzapeza zizindikiro za kukhalapo kwathu mu zolemba za geological - mapangidwe a miyala ya pulasitiki.Pulasitiki imalumikizana ndi miyala, miyala, ndi zipolopolo, ndikumira m'nyanja kuti ikhale chikumbukiro chamuyaya cha dziko lapansi.Monga momwe ma depositi a calcium carbonate adayika zolemba zakale za Cretaceous ndi dinosaur zomwe zidalemba Jurassic, mapangidwe a miyala ya pulasitiki awa adawonetsa m'badwo watsopano wa geological: Anthropocene.Okhulupirira bwino amakhulupirira kuti kupanga pulasitiki n'kwabwino kwambiri ngati kukumba nkhuni zopangira moto ndi zida zopukutira miyala.Zimayimira kuti anthu potsirizira pake amamvetsetsa chikhalidwe cha zinthu ndikukhala ndi mphamvu yodutsa maunyolo a chilengedwe ndikumanga dziko latsopano lomwe silinachitikepo;pamene ena amadana nazo.Itchani "zowopsa zoyera", "kupangidwa kwa imfa" ndi "zowopsa zamunthu zazaka za zana la 21".
Ukadaulo womwe udapanga mpira wa ping pong

Kampani yathu imagwira ntchito mwamakondazinthu zapulasitiki, takhala tikuchita ndi zinthu zapulasitiki kwa zaka 23, ndipo zomwe takumana nazo ndi zokwanira kwambiri