Nkhungukusankha zinthu ndizofunikira kwambiri pakupanga nkhungu yonse.
Kusankhidwa kwa zinthu za nkhungu kumayenera kukwaniritsa mfundo zitatu.Chikombolecho chimakwaniritsa zofunikira za ntchito monga kukana kuvala ndi kulimba, nkhunguyo imakwaniritsa zofunikira za ndondomekoyi, ndipo nkhunguyo iyenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira zachuma.
(1) Thenkhunguamakwaniritsa zofunikira pamikhalidwe yogwirira ntchito
1. Valani kukana
Pamene akusowekapo ndi plastically opunduka mu nkhungu patsekeke, izo zonse umayenda ndi slides pamodzi pamwamba pa patsekeke, kuchititsa kukangana kwakukulu pakati pa pamwamba pa patsekeke ndi akusowekapo, chifukwa cha kulephera nkhungu chifukwa kuvala.Choncho, kukana kuvala kwa zinthuzo ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri komanso zofunikira za nkhungu.
Kuuma ndiye chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimakhudza kukana kuvala.Kawirikawiri, kuuma kwa ziwalo za nkhungu kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zochepa kwambiri komanso zimakhala bwino kukana.Komanso, kuvala kukana kumagwirizananso ndi mtundu, kuchuluka, mawonekedwe, kukula ndi kugawa kwa carbides muzinthu.
2. Kulimba kolimba
Zambiri mwazinthu zogwirira ntchito zankhungundi zoyipa kwambiri, ndipo zina nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi katundu wambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale fractures.Pofuna kupewa kuwonongeka kwadzidzidzi kwa nkhungu pakugwira ntchito, nkhungu iyenera kukhala ndi mphamvu zambiri komanso kulimba.
Kulimba kwa nkhungu makamaka kumadalira zomwe zili mu kaboni, kukula kwa tirigu ndi momwe zinthuzo zimagwirira ntchito.
3. Kutopa fracture ntchito
Panthawi yogwira ntchito ya nkhungu, kupasuka kwa kutopa kumayamba chifukwa cha nthawi yayitali ya kupsinjika kwa cyclic.Mitundu yake imaphatikizira kuthyoka kwamphamvu kwamphamvu kwapang'onopang'ono, kutopa kwapang'onopang'ono, kusweka kwa kutopa komanso kusweka kwa kutopa.
Kutopa fracture ntchito yankhungumakamaka zimadalira mphamvu zake, kulimba, kuuma, ndi zomwe zili muzinthuzo.
4. Kuchita kwa kutentha kwakukulu
Pamene kutentha kwa nkhungu kumagwira ntchito, kuuma ndi mphamvu kumachepa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nkhungu iwonongeke kapena kulephera.Choncho, nkhunguyo iyenera kukhala ndi kukhazikika kwapamwamba kotsutsana ndi kutentha kuonetsetsa kuti nkhungu imakhala ndi kuuma kwakukulu ndi mphamvu pa kutentha kwa ntchito.
5. Kutentha ndi kuzizira kutopa kukana
Zikhungu zina zimakhala zotentha komanso kuziziritsa mobwerezabwereza panthawi yogwira ntchito, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pamwamba pabowo pakhale kugwedezeka, kupanikizika ndi kupsinjika maganizo, kumayambitsa kusweka ndi kupukuta, kuwonjezereka kwamphamvu, kulepheretsa kusinthika kwa pulasitiki, ndi kuchepetsa kulondola kwa dimensional. , zomwe zimapangitsa Mold kulephera.Kutopa kotentha ndi kozizira ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zakulephera kwa ntchito yotentha ikafa, ndipo izi zimafa ziyenera kukhala ndi kukana kuzizira komanso kutopa kwa kutentha.
6. Kukana dzimbiri
Pamene enankhungumonga nkhungu za pulasitiki zikugwira ntchito, chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa chlorine, fluorine ndi zinthu zina mu pulasitiki, mipweya yamphamvu yowononga monga HCI ndi HF imawonongeka ikatenthedwa, yomwe imakokolola pamwamba pa nkhungu, imawonjezera kuuma kwake, ndipo kumakulitsa kulephera kwa mavalidwe.
(2) nkhungu amakwaniritsa ndondomeko ntchito zofunika
Kupanga nkhungu nthawi zambiri kumayenera kudutsa njira zingapo monga kupangira, kudula, ndi kutentha.Pofuna kuwonetsetsa kupanga nkhungu ndikuchepetsa mtengo wopangira, zinthuzo ziyenera kukhala ndi forgeability zabwino, machinability, hardability, hardability ndi grindability;iyeneranso kukhala ndi okosijeni yaying'ono, kukhudzidwa kwa decarburization ndi kuzimitsa.Deformation ndi chizolowezi chosweka.
1. Kuiwalika
Imakhala ndi kukana kwapang'onopang'ono kwapang'onopang'ono, pulasitiki yabwino, kutentha kwapang'onopang'ono, chizolowezi chochepa chopanga ming'alu ndi kusweka kozizira komanso mvula yama network carbides.
2. Ukadaulo wa Annealing
Kutentha kwa spheroidizing annealing ndikotambasuka, kulimba kwa annealing ndi kochepa komanso kusinthasintha kwapang'onopang'ono, ndipo kuchuluka kwa spheroidizing ndikokwera.
3. Kukhoza
Kuchuluka kwa kudula ndi kwakukulu, kutayika kwa zida kumakhala kochepa, ndipo kuuma kwa makina kumachepa.
4. Kukhudzidwa kwa okosijeni ndi decarburization
Ikatenthedwa kutentha kwambiri, imakhala ndi kukana kwa okosijeni, kutsika pang'onopang'ono, kusamva kutentha kwapakati, komanso kachitidwe kakang'ono ka pitting.
5. Kuuma mtima
Ili ndi yunifolomu komanso kuuma kwapamwamba pamtunda pambuyo pozimitsa.
6. Kuuma mtima
Pambuyo pozimitsa, wosanjikiza wozama kwambiri ukhoza kupezeka, womwe ukhoza kuumitsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito sing'anga yoziziritsa.
7. Kuthetsa chizolowezi chophwanyidwa
Kusintha kwa voliyumu ya kuzimitsa kwachizoloŵezi kumakhala kochepa, mawonekedwe ake ndi okhotakhota, kupotoza kumakhala kochepa, ndipo chizolowezi chosokoneza chimakhala chochepa.Kuzimitsa ochiritsira ali otsika akulimbana tilinazo ndipo si tcheru ndi quenching kutentha ndi workpiece mawonekedwe.
8. Kugaya
The imfa wachibale wa akupera gudumu ndi yaing'ono, malire akupera kuchuluka popanda kuwotcha ndi lalikulu, ndipo si tcheru ndi khalidwe la gudumu akupera ndi kuzirala, ndipo si zophweka chifukwa abrasion ndi akupera ming'alu.
(3) nkhungu imakwaniritsa zofunikira zachuma
Posankhankhunguzipangizo, mfundo za chuma ziyenera kuganiziridwa kuti zichepetse ndalama zopangira momwe zingathere.Choncho, pansi pa malingaliro okhutiritsa ntchitoyo, choyamba sankhani mtengo wotsika, ngati mungagwiritse ntchito zitsulo za carbon, simukusowa zitsulo za alloy, ndipo ngati mungagwiritse ntchito zipangizo zapakhomo, simukusowa zipangizo zochokera kunja.
Kuphatikiza apo, kupanga ndi kugulitsa zinthu pamsika ziyenera kuganiziridwanso posankha zida.Makalasi osankhidwa achitsulo ayenera kukhala ochepa komanso okhazikika momwe angathere komanso osavuta kugula.