1. Gwiritsani ntchito magulu

Malinga ndi magwiritsidwe osiyanasiyana a mapulasitiki osiyanasiyana, mapulasitiki nthawi zambiri amagawidwa m'mitundu itatu: mapulasitiki wamba, mapulasitiki aumisiri ndi mapulasitiki apadera.

①Pulasitiki wamba

Nthawi zambiri amatanthauza mapulasitiki okhala ndi zotulutsa zazikulu, kugwiritsa ntchito kwakukulu, mawonekedwe abwino komanso mtengo wotsika.Pali mitundu isanu yamapulasitiki wamba, yomwe ndi polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polystyrene (PS) ndi acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS).Mitundu isanu iyi ya mapulasitiki imakhala ndi zida zambiri zapulasitiki, ndipo zina zonse zimatha kugawidwa m'mitundu yapadera yapulasitiki, monga: PPS, PPO, PA, PC, POM, ndi zina zambiri, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zatsiku ndi tsiku. pang'ono kwambiri, makamaka Imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magawo apamwamba monga makampani opanga uinjiniya ndiukadaulo wachitetezo cha dziko, monga magalimoto, ndege, zomangamanga, ndi kulumikizana.Malinga ndi gulu lake la pulasitiki, mapulasitiki amatha kugawidwa mu thermoplastics ndi thermosetting plastics.Munthawi yanthawi zonse, zinthu zopangira thermoplastic zitha kubwezeretsedwanso, pomwe mapulasitiki a thermosetting sangathe.Malingana ndi mawonekedwe a kuwala kwa mapulasitiki, amatha kugawidwa muzinthu zowonekera, zowoneka bwino komanso zosaoneka bwino, monga PS, PMMA, AS, PC, ndi zina zomwe zimakhala mapulasitiki owonekera , Ndipo mapulasitiki ena ambiri ndi mapulasitiki opaque.

Katundu ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mapulasitiki omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri:

1. Polyethylene:

Polyethylene yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri imatha kugawidwa mu polyethylene yotsika kwambiri (LDPE), polyethylene yapamwamba kwambiri (HDPE) ndi polyethylene yotsika kwambiri (LLDPE).Pakati pa atatuwa, HDPE imakhala ndi kutentha kwabwino, magetsi ndi makina opangira magetsi, pamene LDPE ndi LLDPE zimakhala ndi kusinthasintha kwabwino, zokhudzidwa, zopangira mafilimu, ndi zina zotero. , pamene HDPE ili ndi ntchito zambiri, monga mafilimu, mapaipi, ndi jekeseni zofunika tsiku ndi tsiku.

2. Polypropylene:

Kunena zoona, polypropylene ili ndi mitundu yambiri, ntchito zovuta kwambiri, komanso magawo osiyanasiyana.Mitunduyi imaphatikizapo homopolymer polypropylene (homopp), block copolymer polypropylene (copp) ndi random copolymer polypropylene (rapp).Malinga ndi ntchito Homopolymerization zimagwiritsa ntchito m'minda ya kujambula waya, CHIKWANGWANI, jekeseni, BOPP filimu, etc. Copolymer polypropylene zimagwiritsa ntchito m'nyumba zipangizo jekeseni mbali, kusinthidwa zopangira, tsiku jekeseni mankhwala, mipope, etc., ndi mwachisawawa. polypropylene makamaka ntchito mandala Products, mkulu-ntchito mankhwala, mipope mkulu-ntchito, etc.

3. Polyvinyl chloride:

Chifukwa cha mtengo wake wotsika mtengo komanso zodzitetezera moto, zimakhala ndi ntchito zambiri m'munda womanga, makamaka mapaipi amadzimadzi, zitseko zazitsulo zapulasitiki ndi mawindo, mbale, zikopa zopangira, ndi zina zotero.

4. Polystyrene:

Monga mtundu wa zopangira zowonekera, pakafunika kuwonekera, zimakhala ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana, monga zowunikira zamagalimoto, mbali zowonekera tsiku ndi tsiku, makapu owonekera, zitini, ndi zina zambiri.

5. ABS:

Ndi pulasitiki yaumisiri yosunthika yokhala ndi makina owoneka bwino komanso matenthedwe.Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazida zapakhomo, mapanelo, masks, misonkhano, zipangizo, etc., makamaka zipangizo zapakhomo, monga makina ochapira, ma air conditioners, firiji, mafani amagetsi, ndi zina zotero. kusintha kwa pulasitiki.

②Mapulasitiki opanga mainjiniya

Nthawi zambiri amatanthauza mapulasitiki omwe amatha kupirira mphamvu inayake yakunja, amakhala ndi zida zabwino zamakina, kukana kutentha kwambiri komanso kutsika, komanso kukhala ndi kukhazikika kwazithunzi, ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zomangamanga, monga polyamide ndi polysulfone.Mu mapulasitiki a engineering, amagawidwa m'magulu awiri: mapulasitiki a engineering general ndi mapulasitiki apadera aumisiri.Mapulasitiki a uinjiniya amatha kukwaniritsa zofunika kwambiri pamakina, kulimba, kukana dzimbiri, komanso kukana kutentha, ndipo ndiosavuta kukonza ndipo amatha kusintha zida zachitsulo.Mapulasitiki aumisiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamagetsi ndi zamagetsi, magalimoto, zomangamanga, zida zamaofesi, makina, zakuthambo ndi mafakitale ena.Kuyika pulasitiki m'malo mwachitsulo ndi pulasitiki m'malo mwa nkhuni kwakhala njira yapadziko lonse lapansi.

General engineering mapulasitiki monga: polyamide, polyoxymethylene, polycarbonate, kusinthidwa polyphenylene efa, thermoplastic polyester, kopitilira muyeso-mkulu maselo kulemera polyethylene, methylpentene polima, vinilu mowa copolymer, etc.

Mapulasitiki apadera a uinjiniya amagawidwa m'mitundu yolumikizirana komanso yosalumikizana.Mitundu yolumikizana ndi mtanda ndi: polyamino bismaleamide, polytriazine, polyimide yolumikizana, utomoni wa epoxy wosagwira kutentha ndi zina zotero.Mitundu yosagwirizana ndi: polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyphenylene sulfide, polyimide, polyether ether ketone (PEEK) ndi zina zotero.

③Mapulasitiki apadera

Nthawi zambiri amatanthauza mapulasitiki omwe ali ndi ntchito zapadera ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito pazinthu zapadera monga ndege ndi ndege.Mwachitsanzo, fluoroplastics ndi silikoni ali chapadera kutentha kukana, kudzipaka mafuta ndi ntchito zina zapadera, ndi kulimbitsa mapulasitiki ndi thovu mapulasitiki ndi katundu wapadera monga mphamvu mkulu ndi cushioning mkulu.Mapulasitikiwa ali m'gulu la mapulasitiki apadera.

a.Pulasitiki yolimbikitsidwa:

Zopangira pulasitiki zowonjezeredwa zimatha kugawidwa mu granular (monga pulasitiki ya calcium yolimbitsa), CHIKWANGWANI (monga magalasi opangidwa ndi galasi kapena nsalu yagalasi yolimbitsa pulasitiki), ndi flake (monga pulasitiki yolimba ya mica).Malinga ndi zomwe zalembedwazo, zitha kugawidwa m'mapulasitiki olimba opangidwa ndi nsalu (monga chiguduli cholimbitsa kapena mapulasitiki olimba a asibesitosi), mapulasitiki odzaza ndi mchere (monga mapulasitiki odzaza ndi quartz kapena mica), ndi mapulasitiki olimba (monga kaboni fiber kulimbikitsidwa). mapulasitiki).

b.Chithovu:

Mapulasitiki a thovu amatha kugawidwa m'magulu atatu: olimba, okhazikika komanso osinthasintha.Chithovu cholimba sichimasinthasintha, ndipo kulimba kwake kumakhala kwakukulu kwambiri.Idzapunduka pokhapokha ikafika pamtengo wina wopsinjika ndipo sichingabwererenso momwe idayambira kupsinjikako kutatha.Chithovu chosinthika chimakhala chosinthika, chokhala ndi kulimba kwapang'onopang'ono, ndipo ndichosavuta kupunduka.Bwezerani chikhalidwe choyambirira, mapindikidwe otsalira ndi ochepa;kusinthasintha ndi zina za thovu lolimba la theka-liridi pakati pa thovu lolimba ndi lofewa.

Awiri, gulu lakuthupi ndi lamankhwala

Malinga ndi mawonekedwe akuthupi ndi mankhwala a mapulasitiki osiyanasiyana, mapulasitiki amatha kugawidwa m'mitundu iwiri: mapulasitiki a thermosetting ndi mapulasitiki a thermoplastic.

(1) Thermoplastic

Thermoplastics (Thermo plastics): imatanthawuza mapulasitiki omwe amasungunuka atatha kutentha, amatha kulowa mu nkhungu pambuyo pozizira, ndiyeno amasungunuka atatenthedwa;Kutentha ndi kuziziritsa kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga zosinthika zosinthika (zamadzimadzi ←→ zolimba), inde Zomwe zimatchedwa kusintha kwa thupi.General-purpose thermoplastics amagwiritsa ntchito mosalekeza kutentha kosachepera 100°C.Polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, ndi polystyrene amatchedwanso mapulasitiki anayi acholinga chonse.Mapulasitiki a thermoplastic amagawidwa kukhala ma hydrocarbon, ma vinilu okhala ndi majini a polar, engineering, cellulose ndi mitundu ina.Zimakhala zofewa zikatenthedwa, ndipo zimakhala zolimba zikazizira.Ikhoza kuchepetsedwa mobwerezabwereza ndikuumitsa ndikusunga mawonekedwe enaake.Amasungunuka mu zosungunulira zina ndipo amatha kusungunuka ndi kusungunuka.Ma thermoplastics ali ndi magetsi abwino kwambiri, makamaka polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) ali ndi dielectric yotsika kwambiri komanso kutaya kwa dielectric.Pakuti mkulu pafupipafupi ndi mkulu voteji kutchinjiriza zipangizo.Thermoplastics ndi yosavuta kuumba ndi kukonza, koma imakhala ndi kutentha kochepa ndipo ndi yosavuta kukwawa.Kuchuluka kwa zokwawa kumasiyanasiyana ndi katundu, kutentha kwa chilengedwe, zosungunulira, ndi chinyezi.Pofuna kuthana ndi zofooka izi za thermoplastics ndikukwaniritsa zofunikira zogwiritsira ntchito pazinthu zamakono zamakono ndi chitukuko cha mphamvu zatsopano, mayiko onse akupanga utomoni wosagwira kutentha womwe ukhoza kusungunuka, monga polyether ether ketone (PEEK) ndi polyether sulfone (polyether sulfone). PES)., Polyarylsulfone (PASU), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), etc. Zida zophatikizika zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati matrix a matrix ali ndi zida zapamwamba zamakina komanso kukana kwamankhwala, zimatha kukhala thermoformed ndi welded, ndipo zimakhala ndi mphamvu yakumeta ubweya wa interlaminar kuposa ma epoxy resins.Mwachitsanzo, pogwiritsa ntchito polyether ether ketone monga matrix resin ndi carbon fiber kuti apange zinthu zophatikizika, kukana kutopa kumaposa epoxy / carbon fiber.Imakhala ndi kukana kwabwino, kukana kwabwino kukwawa kutentha kwachipinda, komanso kusinthika kwabwino.Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosalekeza pa 240-270 ° C.Ndichinthu chabwino kwambiri chotchingira kutentha kwambiri.Zomwe zimapangidwira zopangidwa ndi polyethersulfone monga utomoni wa matrix ndi kaboni fiber zimakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri komanso zolimba pa 200 ° C, ndipo zimatha kusunga kukana kwabwino pa -100 ° C;ilibe poizoni, yosapsa, utsi wochepa, ndi kukana ma radiation.Chabwino, ikuyembekezeka kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chigawo chachikulu cha ndege, komanso imatha kupangidwa kukhala radome, ndi zina zambiri.

Mapulasitiki olumikizana ndi formaldehyde amaphatikizapo mapulasitiki a phenolic, mapulasitiki amino (monga urea-formaldehyde-melamine-formaldehyde, etc.).Mapulasitiki ena olumikizana ndi mtanda ndi ma polyester osapangidwa, epoxy resins, ndi phthalic diallyl resins.

(2) Pulasitiki yopangira thermosetting

Mapulasitiki a thermosetting amatanthauza mapulasitiki omwe amatha kuchiritsidwa pansi pa kutentha kapena zinthu zina kapena kukhala ndi makhalidwe osasungunuka (kusungunuka), monga mapulasitiki a phenolic, mapulasitiki a epoxy, ndi zina zotero.Pambuyo pakuwotcha ndikuwumbidwa, chinthu chosasinthika komanso chosasungunuka chimapangidwa, ndipo mamolekyu a utomoni amalumikizidwa ndi netiweki ndi mzere.Kutentha kowonjezereka kudzawola ndikuwononga.Mapulasitiki odziwika bwino a thermosetting amaphatikizapo phenolic, epoxy, amino, unsaturated polyester, furan, polysiloxane ndi zipangizo zina, komanso mapulasitiki atsopano a polydipropylene phthalate.Iwo ali ndi ubwino waukulu kutentha kukana ndi kukana mapindikidwe akatenthedwa.Choyipa chake ndi chakuti mphamvu zamakina nthawi zambiri sizikhala zapamwamba, koma mphamvu zamakina zimatha kupitilizidwa powonjezera ma fillers kuti apange zida zam'madzi kapena zida zoumbidwa.

Mapulasitiki a thermosetting opangidwa ndi phenolic resin monga zinthu zazikulu zopangira, monga pulasitiki yopangidwa ndi phenolic (omwe amadziwika kuti Bakelite), ndi olimba, osasunthika, komanso osagwirizana ndi mankhwala ena kupatula ma alkali amphamvu.Zodzaza zosiyanasiyana ndi zowonjezera zitha kuwonjezeredwa malinga ndi ntchito ndi zofunikira zosiyanasiyana.Kwa mitundu yomwe imafunikira kutsekemera kwambiri, mica kapena ulusi wagalasi ungagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zodzaza;kwa mitundu yomwe imafuna kukana kutentha, asibesitosi kapena zodzaza zina zosagwira kutentha zingagwiritsidwe ntchito;Kwa mitundu yomwe imafuna kukana kwa seismic, ulusi kapena mphira wosiyanasiyana ukhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zodzaza ndi zinthu zina zolimba kuti apange zida zolimba kwambiri.Kuphatikiza apo, ma resins osinthidwa a phenolic monga aniline, epoxy, polyvinyl chloride, polyamide, ndi polyvinyl acetal angagwiritsidwenso ntchito kukwaniritsa zofunikira zamitundu yosiyanasiyana.Phenolic resins itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito kupanga ma phenolic laminates, omwe amadziwika ndi mphamvu zamakina apamwamba, mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi, kukana dzimbiri, komanso kukonza kosavuta.Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazida zamagetsi zotsika kwambiri.

Aminoplasts monga urea formaldehyde, melamine formaldehyde, urea melamine formaldehyde ndi zina zotero.Iwo ali ndi ubwino wa mapangidwe olimba, kukana zikande, colorless, translucent, etc. Kuwonjezera mtundu zipangizo akhoza kupangidwa zinthu zokongola, odziwika monga yade magetsi.Chifukwa imagonjetsedwa ndi mafuta ndipo sichikhudzidwa ndi zofooka za alkalis ndi zosungunulira za organic (koma osati zotsutsana ndi asidi), zimatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa 70 ° C kwa nthawi yaitali, ndipo zimatha kupirira 110 mpaka 120 ° C panthawi yochepa, ndipo zimatha. kugwiritsidwa ntchito muzinthu zamagetsi.Pulasitiki ya Melamine-formaldehyde imakhala yolimba kwambiri kuposa pulasitiki ya urea-formaldehyde, ndipo imakhala ndi madzi abwino, kukana kutentha, ndi kukana kwa arc.Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati arc-resistant insulating material.

Pali mitundu yambiri ya mapulasitiki a thermosetting opangidwa ndi epoxy resin monga zopangira zazikulu, zomwe pafupifupi 90% zimatengera bisphenol A epoxy resin.Ili ndi zomatira zabwino kwambiri, zotsekemera zamagetsi, kukana kutentha ndi kukhazikika kwamankhwala, kutsika kochepa komanso kuyamwa kwamadzi, komanso mphamvu zamakina.

Onse poliyesitala unsaturated ndi epoxy resin akhoza kupangidwa FRP, amene ali ndi mphamvu zamakina kwambiri.Mwachitsanzo, magalasi opangidwa ndi pulasitiki opangidwa ndi polyester osapangidwa ndi unsaturated amakhala ndi makina abwino komanso osalimba (1/5 mpaka 1/4 yachitsulo, 1/2 ya aluminiyamu), ndipo ndiyosavuta kuyipanga m'magawo osiyanasiyana amagetsi.Mphamvu zamagetsi ndi zamakina zamapulasitiki opangidwa ndi dipropylene phthalate resin ndizabwino kuposa mapulasitiki a phenolic ndi amino thermosetting.Ili ndi hygroscopicity yotsika, kukula kokhazikika kwazinthu, magwiridwe antchito abwino, kukana kwa asidi ndi alkali, madzi otentha ndi zosungunulira zina.Pawiri akamaumba ndi oyenera kupanga zigawo ndi dongosolo zovuta, kutentha kukana ndi kutchinjiriza mkulu.Nthawi zambiri, angagwiritsidwe ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali mu kutentha osiyanasiyana -60 ~ 180 ℃, ndi kutentha kukana kalasi akhoza kufika F mpaka H kalasi, amene ali apamwamba kuposa kutentha kukana phenolic ndi mapulasitiki amino.

Mapulasitiki a silicone amtundu wa polysiloxane amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamagetsi ndi ukadaulo wamagetsi.Mapulasitiki opangidwa ndi silicone amalimbikitsidwa kwambiri ndi nsalu zamagalasi;mapulasitiki opangidwa ndi silikoni nthawi zambiri amadzazidwa ndi ulusi wagalasi ndi asibesitosi, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zida zolimbana ndi kutentha kwambiri, ma frequency apamwamba kapena ma motorsible motors, zida zamagetsi, ndi zida zamagetsi.Pulasitiki yamtunduwu imadziwika ndi mtengo wake wocheperako wa dielectric ndi tgδ, ndipo sichikhudzidwa ndi pafupipafupi.Amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale amagetsi ndi zamagetsi kukana ma corona ndi ma arcs.Ngakhale kukhetsa kumayambitsa kuwonongeka, mankhwalawa ndi silicon dioxide m'malo mwa conductive mpweya wakuda..Mtundu uwu wa zinthu uli ndi mphamvu yotsutsa kutentha ndipo ukhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosalekeza pa 250 ° C.Zoyipa zazikulu za polysilicone ndizochepa mphamvu zamakina, zomatira zotsika komanso kukana kwamafuta ochepa.Ma polima ambiri osinthidwa a silikoni apangidwa, monga mapulasitiki osinthidwa a silikoni a polyester ndipo agwiritsidwa ntchito muukadaulo wamagetsi.Mapulasitiki ena ndi mapulasitiki a thermoplastic ndi thermosetting.Mwachitsanzo, polyvinyl chloride nthawi zambiri ndi thermoplastic.Japan yapanga mtundu watsopano wa polyvinyl chloride wamadzimadzi womwe ndi thermoset ndipo uli ndi kutentha kwa 60 mpaka 140 ° C.Pulasitiki yotchedwa Lundex ku United States ili ndi zida zonse za thermoplastic processing Features, komanso mawonekedwe apulasitiki a thermosetting.

① Mapulasitiki a Hydrocarbon.

Ndi pulasitiki yopanda polar, yomwe imagawidwa kukhala crystalline komanso yopanda crystalline.Mapulasitiki a crystalline hydrocarbon akuphatikizapo polyethylene, polypropylene, etc., ndi mapulasitiki a hydrocarbon omwe sali crystalline akuphatikizapo polystyrene, ndi zina zotero.

②Mapulasitiki a vinyl okhala ndi majini a polar.

Kupatula fluoroplastics, ambiri a iwo sanali crystalline mandala matupi, kuphatikizapo polyvinyl kolorayidi, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl acetate, etc. Ambiri vinilu monomers akhoza polymerized ndi chothandizira kwambiri.

③Mapulasitiki opanga ma thermoplastic.

Makamaka monga polyoxymethylene, polyamide, polycarbonate, ABS, polyphenylene efa, polyethylene terephthalate, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyimide, polyphenylene sulfide, etc. Polytetrafluoroethylene.Ma polypropylene osinthidwa, ndi zina zotero amaphatikizidwanso mumtundu uwu.

④ Mapulasitiki a thermoplastic cellulose.

Zimaphatikizapo cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellophane, cellophane ndi zina zotero.

Titha kugwiritsa ntchito zida zonse zapulasitiki pamwambapa.
Nthawi zonse, PP ya chakudya ndi PP yachipatala imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zofanana ndispoons. The pipetteamapangidwa ndi zinthu za HDPE, nditest chubunthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi zinthu zachipatala PP kapena PS.Tili ndi zinthu zambiri, pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zosiyanasiyana, chifukwa ndife ankhunguwopanga, pafupifupi zinthu zonse zapulasitiki zitha kupangidwa