1. Gwiritsani ntchito magulu

Malinga ndi makhalidwe osiyanasiyana a mapulasitiki osiyanasiyana, mapulasitiki nthawi zambiri amagawidwa m'magulu atatu: mapulasitiki wamba, mapulasitiki aukadaulo ndi mapulasitiki apadera.

①Pulasitiki wamba

Kawirikawiri amatanthauza mapulasitiki okhala ndi mphamvu zambiri, ogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, opangidwa bwino komanso otsika mtengo. Pali mitundu isanu ya mapulasitiki wamba, omwe ndi polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polystyrene (PS) ndi acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS). Mitundu isanu ya mapulasitiki awa ndi omwe amapanga zinthu zambiri zopangira pulasitiki, ndipo zina zonse zitha kugawidwa m'magulu apulasitiki apadera, monga: PPS, PPO, PA, PC, POM, ndi zina zotero, sizigwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazinthu za tsiku ndi tsiku, makamaka zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magawo apamwamba monga makampani opanga uinjiniya ndi ukadaulo wachitetezo cha dziko, monga magalimoto, ndege, zomangamanga, ndi kulumikizana. Malinga ndi gulu lake la pulasitiki, mapulasitiki amatha kugawidwa m'mapulasitiki a thermoplastics ndi thermosetting. Nthawi zambiri, zinthu za thermoplastic zimatha kubwezeretsedwanso, pomwe mapulasitiki a thermosetting sangathe. Malinga ndi mawonekedwe a pulasitiki, amatha kugawidwa m'zida zowonekera, zowala komanso zosawoneka bwino, monga PS, PMMA, AS, PC, ndi zina zotero zomwe ndi mapulasitiki owonekera, ndipo mapulasitiki ena ambiri ndi mapulasitiki osawoneka bwino.

Katundu ndi ntchito za mapulasitiki omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri:

1. Polyethylene:

Polyethylene yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ingagawidwe m'magulu awiri: low density polyethylene (LDPE), high density polyethylene (HDPE) ndi linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE). Mwa atatuwa, HDPE ili ndi mphamvu zabwino zotentha, zamagetsi komanso zamakanika, pomwe LDPE ndi LLDPE zili ndi kusinthasintha kwabwino, mphamvu zokhudzira, mphamvu zopangira filimu, ndi zina zotero. LDPE ndi LLDPE zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafilimu opaka, mafilimu a zaulimi, kusintha pulasitiki, ndi zina zotero, pomwe HDPE ili ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana, monga mafilimu, mapaipi, ndi zofunikira za tsiku ndi tsiku zojambulira.

2. Polypropylene:

Ponena za izi, polypropylene ili ndi mitundu yambiri, ntchito zovuta, komanso minda yosiyanasiyana. Mitunduyi ikuphatikizapo homopolymer polypropylene (homopp), block copolymer polypropylene (copp) ndi random copolymer polypropylene (rapp). Malinga ndi momwe imagwiritsidwira ntchito, Homopolymerization imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka m'magawo a waya, ulusi, jekeseni, filimu ya BOPP, ndi zina zotero. Copolymer polypropylene imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'zida zapakhomo zopangira jekeseni, zinthu zosinthidwa, zinthu zopangira jekeseni za tsiku ndi tsiku, mapaipi, ndi zina zotero, ndipo random polypropylene imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu Zogulitsa zowonekera, zinthu zopangira bwino, mapaipi opangira bwino, ndi zina zotero.

3. Polyvinyl chloride:

Chifukwa cha mtengo wake wotsika komanso mphamvu zake zodzitetezera ku moto, imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa ntchito yomanga, makamaka mapaipi a zimbudzi, zitseko ndi mawindo apulasitiki, mbale, zikopa zopanga, ndi zina zotero.

4. Polystyrene:

Monga mtundu wa zinthu zowonekera bwino, pamene pakufunika kuwonekera bwino, zimakhala ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana, monga zotchingira nyali zamagalimoto, zida zowonekera tsiku ndi tsiku, makapu owonekera, zitini, ndi zina zotero.

5. ABS:

Ndi pulasitiki yopangidwa ndi uinjiniya yogwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana yokhala ndi mphamvu zodabwitsa zamakina ndi kutentha. Imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazida zapakhomo, mapanelo, zophimba nkhope, zomangira, zowonjezera, ndi zina zotero, makamaka zida zapakhomo, monga makina ochapira, zoziziritsira mpweya, mafiriji, mafani amagetsi, ndi zina zotero. Ndi yayikulu kwambiri ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyanasiyana posintha pulasitiki.

②Mapulasitiki auinjiniya

Kawirikawiri amatanthauza mapulasitiki omwe amatha kupirira mphamvu inayake yakunja, ali ndi mphamvu zabwino zamakina, kukana kutentha kwambiri komanso kotsika, komanso ali ndi kukhazikika kwabwino, ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zomangamanga, monga polyamide ndi polysulfone. Mu mapulasitiki aukadaulo, amagawidwa m'magulu awiri: mapulasitiki wamba aukadaulo ndi mapulasitiki apadera aukadaulo. Mapulasitiki aukadaulo amatha kukwaniritsa zofunikira zapamwamba pankhani ya mphamvu zamakina, kulimba, kukana dzimbiri, komanso kukana kutentha, ndipo ndi osavuta kuwakonza ndipo amatha kusintha zinthu zachitsulo. Mapulasitiki aukadaulo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magetsi ndi zamagetsi, magalimoto, zomangamanga, zida zamaofesi, makina, ndege ndi mafakitale ena. Kusintha pulasitiki m'malo mwa chitsulo ndi pulasitiki m'malo mwa matabwa kwakhala chizolowezi chapadziko lonse lapansi.

Mapulasitiki aukadaulo wamba ndi awa: polyamide, polyoxymethylene, polycarbonate, modified polyphenylene ether, thermoplastic polyester, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, methylpentene polymer, vinyl alcohol copolymer, ndi zina zotero.

Mapulasitiki apadera aukadaulo amagawidwa m'mitundu yolumikizidwa ndi yosalumikizidwa. Mitundu yolumikizidwa ndi: polyamino bismaleamide, polytriazine, polyimide yolumikizidwa ndi mtanda, epoxy resin yosatentha ndi zina zotero. Mitundu yosalumikizidwa ndi: polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyphenylene sulfide, polyimide, polyether ether ketone (PEEK) ndi zina zotero.

③Mapulasitiki apadera

Kawirikawiri amatanthauza mapulasitiki omwe ali ndi ntchito zapadera ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito pazinthu zapadera monga ndege ndi ndege. Mwachitsanzo, ma fluoroplastics ndi ma silicones ali ndi mphamvu yolimba kwambiri kutentha, kudzipaka mafuta okha ndi ntchito zina zapadera, ndipo mapulasitiki olimbikitsidwa ndi mapulasitiki okhala ndi thovu ali ndi zinthu zapadera monga mphamvu yayikulu komanso kuphimba bwino. Mapulasitiki awa ali m'gulu la mapulasitiki apadera.

a. Pulasitiki yolimbikitsidwa:

Zipangizo zopangira pulasitiki zolimbikitsidwa zitha kugawidwa m'magawo awiri (monga pulasitiki yolimbikitsidwa ndi calcium), ulusi (monga ulusi wagalasi kapena pulasitiki yolimbikitsidwa ndi galasi), ndi mawonekedwe a flake (monga pulasitiki yolimbikitsidwa ndi mica). Malinga ndi zinthuzo, zitha kugawidwa m'mapulasitiki olimbikitsidwa ndi nsalu (monga pulasitiki yolimbikitsidwa ndi rag kapena asbestos), mapulasitiki odzazidwa ndi mchere wosapangidwa (monga quartz kapena mapulasitiki odzazidwa ndi mica), ndi mapulasitiki olimbikitsidwa ndi ulusi (monga pulasitiki yolimbikitsidwa ndi carbon fiber).

b. Thovu:

Mapulasitiki a thovu amatha kugawidwa m'mitundu itatu: thovu lolimba, lolimba pang'ono komanso losinthasintha. Thovu lolimba silisinthasintha, ndipo kulimba kwake kokakamiza ndi kwakukulu kwambiri. Limasinthasintha pokhapokha likafika pamtengo winawake wopsinjika ndipo silingabwerere ku momwe linalili poyamba pambuyo poti kupsinjika kwachepa. Thovu losinthasintha limakhala losinthasintha, lolimba pang'ono, ndipo ndi losavuta kusintha. Bwezeretsani momwe linalili poyamba, kusintha kotsalira kumakhala kochepa; kusinthasintha ndi zinthu zina za thovu lolimba pang'ono zili pakati pa thovu lolimba ndi lofewa.

Awiri, gulu la thupi ndi mankhwala

Malinga ndi makhalidwe osiyanasiyana a pulasitiki osiyanasiyana, mapulasitiki amatha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: pulasitiki yokonza kutentha ndi pulasitiki yokonza kutentha.

(1) Thermoplastic

Mapulasitiki a Thermoplastics (Thermo plastics): amatanthauza mapulasitiki omwe amasungunuka akatenthedwa, amatha kulowa mu nkhungu akazizira, kenako n’kusungunuka akatenthedwa; kutentha ndi kuzizira kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga kusintha kosinthika (madzimadzi ←→olimba), inde. Kusintha kwa thupi komwe kumatchedwa kusintha kwa thupi. Mapulasitiki a thermoplastics ogwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse amakhala ndi kutentha kosalekeza pansi pa 100°C. Polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, ndi polystyrene amatchedwanso mapulasitiki anayi ogwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse. Mapulasitiki a thermoplastic amagawidwa m’ma hydrocarbons, ma vinyls okhala ndi majini a polar, engineering, cellulose ndi mitundu ina. Amafewa akatenthedwa, ndipo amakhala olimba akazizira. Amatha kufewetsedwa mobwerezabwereza ndikulimba ndikusunga mawonekedwe enaake. Amasungunuka mu zosungunulira zina ndipo amatha kusungunuka komanso kusungunuka. Mapulasitiki a Thermoplastics ali ndi insulation yabwino kwambiri yamagetsi, makamaka polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) ali ndi dielectric constant loss yochepa kwambiri komanso dielectric loss. Pazinthu zoteteza ma frequency ambiri komanso high voltage. Ma thermoplastics ndi osavuta kuumba ndi kukonza, koma ali ndi kukana kutentha kochepa ndipo ndi osavuta kukwawa. Mlingo wa kukwawa umasiyana malinga ndi katundu, kutentha kwa chilengedwe, zosungunulira, ndi chinyezi. Pofuna kuthana ndi zofooka izi za ma thermoplastics ndikukwaniritsa zosowa za ntchito m'magawo a ukadaulo wamlengalenga ndi chitukuko chatsopano cha mphamvu, mayiko onse akupanga ma resin osatentha omwe amatha kusungunuka, monga polyether ether ketone (PEEK) ndi polyether sulfone (PES). , Polyarylsulfone (PASU), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), ndi zina zotero. Zipangizo zophatikizika zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati matrix resin zimakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri zamakaniko komanso kukana mankhwala, zimatha kupangidwa ndi kutentha ndi kulumikizidwa, ndipo zimakhala ndi mphamvu yabwino yocheka pakati kuposa ma epoxy resin. Mwachitsanzo, pogwiritsa ntchito polyether ether ketone ngati matrix resin ndi carbon fiber kuti apange zinthu zophatikizika, kukana kutopa kumaposa kwa epoxy/carbon fiber. Ili ndi kukana kwabwino kwa kukhudza, kukana kwabwino kwa kukwawa kutentha kwa chipinda, komanso kusinthika bwino. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosalekeza pa 240-270°C. Ndi chinthu chabwino kwambiri choteteza kutentha kwambiri. Zinthu zopangidwa ndi polyethersulfone monga matrix resin ndi carbon fiber zimakhala ndi mphamvu komanso kuuma kwakukulu pa 200°C, ndipo zimatha kukhalabe ndi mphamvu yolimbana ndi mphamvu pa -100°C; sizowopsa, sizingayake, sizimatulutsa utsi wambiri, komanso sizimatulutsa mphamvu yowononga. Akuyembekezeka kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gawo lofunika kwambiri la chombo cha m'mlengalenga, ndipo zimathanso kupangidwa kukhala radome, ndi zina zotero.

Mapulasitiki olumikizidwa ndi formaldehyde akuphatikizapo mapulasitiki a phenolic, mapulasitiki a amino (monga urea-formaldehyde-melamine-formaldehyde, ndi zina zotero). Mapulasitiki ena olumikizidwa ndi cross-linked akuphatikizapo ma polyester osaturated, ma resins a epoxy, ndi ma resins a phthalic diallyl.

(2) Pulasitiki yotenthetsera kutentha

Mapulasitiki oika zinthu m'thupi (thermosetting plastics) amatanthauza mapulasitiki omwe amatha kuchiritsidwa kutentha kapena zinthu zina kapena omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe osasungunuka (osungunuka), monga mapulasitiki a phenolic, mapulasitiki a epoxy, ndi zina zotero. Mapulasitiki oika zinthu m'thupi (thermosetting plastics) amagawidwa m'magulu a formaldehyde cross-linked type ndi mitundu ina yolumikizidwa. Pambuyo pa kukonza ndi kupanga zinthu zotentha, chinthu chosasungunuka komanso chosasungunuka chimapangidwa, ndipo mamolekyu a resin amalumikizidwa mu netiweki pogwiritsa ntchito kapangidwe kolunjika. Kutentha kowonjezereka kumawola ndi kuwononga. Mapulasitiki oika zinthu m'thupi (thermosetting plastics) nthawi zambiri amaphatikizapo phenolic, epoxy, amino, unsaturated polyester, furan, polysiloxane ndi zinthu zina, komanso mapulasitiki atsopano a polydipropylene phthalate. Ali ndi ubwino wokana kutentha kwambiri komanso kukana kusintha kwa kutentha akatenthedwa. Choyipa chake ndichakuti mphamvu ya makina nthawi zambiri si yayikulu, koma mphamvu ya makina imatha kukonzedwa powonjezera zodzaza kuti apange zinthu zopaka kapena zinthu zoumbidwa.

Mapulasitiki opangidwa ndi phenolic resin monga zinthu zazikulu zopangira, monga phenolic molded plastic (yomwe imadziwika kuti Bakelite), ndi olimba, okhazikika m'magawo, komanso osagonjetsedwa ndi mankhwala ena kupatula ma alkali amphamvu. Zodzaza ndi zowonjezera zosiyanasiyana zitha kuwonjezeredwa malinga ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Kwa mitundu yomwe imafuna kutenthetsa kwambiri, mica kapena ulusi wagalasi ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chodzaza; kwa mitundu yomwe imafuna kukana kutentha, asbestos kapena zodzaza zina zosatentha zingagwiritsidwe ntchito; kwa mitundu yomwe imafuna kukana kwa chivomerezi, ulusi wosiyanasiyana woyenera kapena rabara ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zodzaza Ndipo zinthu zina zolimba kuti zipange zinthu zolimba kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, ma phenolic resins osinthidwa monga aniline, epoxy, polyvinyl chloride, polyamide, ndi polyvinyl acetal angagwiritsidwenso ntchito kukwaniritsa zofunikira za ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Ma phenolic resins angagwiritsidwenso ntchito kupanga ma phenolic laminates, omwe amadziwika ndi mphamvu yayikulu yamakina, mphamvu zabwino zamagetsi, kukana dzimbiri, komanso kukonzedwa kosavuta. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazida zamagetsi zochepa.

Ma Aminoplast akuphatikizapo urea formaldehyde, melamine formaldehyde, urea melamine formaldehyde ndi zina zotero. Ali ndi ubwino wokhala ndi kapangidwe kolimba, kukana kukanda, kopanda mtundu, kowala, ndi zina zotero. Kuwonjezera zinthu zamitundu kungapangidwe kukhala zinthu zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimadziwika kuti electric jade. Chifukwa chakuti imalimbana ndi mafuta ndipo sikhudzidwa ndi alkalis yofooka ndi zosungunulira zachilengedwe (koma siilimbana ndi asidi), ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pa 70°C kwa nthawi yayitali, ndipo imatha kupirira 110 mpaka 120°C kwakanthawi kochepa, ndipo ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pazinthu zamagetsi. Pulasitiki ya Melamine-formaldehyde ili ndi kuuma kwakukulu kuposa pulasitiki ya urea-formaldehyde, ndipo imalimbana bwino ndi madzi, kutentha, komanso kukana arc. Ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zinthu zotetezera arc.

Pali mitundu yambiri ya mapulasitiki opangidwa ndi epoxy resin ngati zinthu zazikulu zopangira, zomwe pafupifupi 90% zimachokera ku bisphenol A epoxy resin. Ili ndi ma glu abwino kwambiri, imateteza magetsi, imateteza kutentha komanso imakhala yolimba, imachepa kwambiri ndipo imayamwa madzi, komanso imakhala ndi mphamvu yabwino ya makina.

Polyester yosakhuta ndi epoxy resin zonse zingapangidwe kukhala FRP, yomwe ili ndi mphamvu yabwino kwambiri yamakina. Mwachitsanzo, pulasitiki yolimbikitsidwa ndi ulusi wagalasi yopangidwa ndi polyester yosakhuta ili ndi mphamvu zabwino zamakina komanso kukhuthala kochepa (1/5 mpaka 1/4 yachitsulo, 1/2 ya aluminiyamu), ndipo ndi yosavuta kuikonza m'zigawo zosiyanasiyana zamagetsi. Mphamvu zamagetsi ndi zamakina za pulasitiki zopangidwa ndi dipropylene phthalate resin ndi zabwino kuposa za pulasitiki ya phenolic ndi amino thermosetting. Ili ndi hygroscopicity yochepa, kukula kokhazikika kwa chinthu, magwiridwe antchito abwino opangira, kukana asidi ndi alkali, madzi otentha ndi zinthu zina zachilengedwe. Chomera chopangiracho ndi choyenera kupanga zigawo zokhala ndi kapangidwe kovuta, kukana kutentha komanso kutchinjiriza kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri, chingagwiritsidwe ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali kutentha kwa -60 ~ 180℃, ndipo kalasi yokana kutentha imatha kufika pa kalasi ya F mpaka H, ​​yomwe ndi yayikulu kuposa kukana kutentha kwa pulasitiki ya phenolic ndi amino.

Mapulasitiki a silicone omwe ali mu mawonekedwe a polysiloxane amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu zamagetsi ndi ukadaulo wamagetsi. Mapulasitiki a silicone opangidwa ndi laminated nthawi zambiri amalimbikitsidwa ndi nsalu yagalasi; mapulasitiki opangidwa ndi silicone nthawi zambiri amadzazidwa ndi ulusi wagalasi ndi asbestos, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zomwe sizimakhudzidwa ndi kutentha kwambiri, ma frequency apamwamba kapena ma motors osunthika, zida zamagetsi, ndi zida zamagetsi. Mtundu uwu wa pulasitiki umadziwika ndi mphamvu yake yotsika ya dielectric komanso tgδ, ndipo sukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi ma frequency. Umagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale amagetsi ndi zamagetsi kuti upewe corona ndi arcs. Ngakhale kutuluka kwa zinthuzo kungayambitse kuwonongeka, chinthucho ndi silicon dioxide m'malo mwa conductive carbon black. . Mtundu uwu wa zinthu uli ndi kukana kutentha kwambiri ndipo ungagwiritsidwe ntchito mosalekeza pa 250°C. Zoyipa zazikulu za polysilicone ndi mphamvu yochepa yamakina, kuuma pang'ono komanso kukana mafuta pang'ono. Ma polima ambiri a silicone osinthidwa apangidwa, monga mapulasitiki a polyester osinthidwa a silicone ndipo agwiritsidwa ntchito muukadaulo wamagetsi. Mapulasitiki ena ndi thermoplastic ndi thermosetting. Mwachitsanzo, polyvinyl chloride nthawi zambiri ndi thermoplastic. Japan yapanga mtundu watsopano wa polyvinyl chloride yamadzimadzi yomwe ndi thermoset ndipo imakhala ndi kutentha kwa 60 mpaka 140°C. Pulasitiki yotchedwa Lundex ku United States ili ndi zinthu zonse ziwiri zomwe zimapangitsa kuti thermoplastic igwire ntchito, komanso zinthu zina zomwe zimapangitsa kuti thermosetting igwire ntchito.

① Mapulasitiki a Hydrocarbon.

Ndi pulasitiki yopanda polar, yomwe imagawidwa m'magulu awiri a crystalline ndi non-crystalline. Ma crystalline hydrocarbon plastics akuphatikizapo polyethylene, polypropylene, ndi zina zotero, ndipo ma pulasitiki a hydrocarbon osaphatikizapo crystalline akuphatikizapo polystyrene, ndi zina zotero.

②Mapulasitiki a vinyl okhala ndi majini a polar.

Kupatula ma fluoroplastics, ambiri mwa iwo ndi matupi owonekera osawoneka ngati makristalo, kuphatikizapo polyvinyl chloride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl acetate, ndi zina zotero. Ma monomers ambiri a vinyl amatha kupangidwa ndi ma radical catalysts.

③Mapulasitiki opangidwa ndi thermoplastic.

Makamaka pali polyoxymethylene, polyamide, polycarbonate, ABS, polyphenylene ether, polyethylene terephthalate, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyimide, polyphenylene sulfide, ndi zina zotero. Polytetrafluoroethylene. Polypropylene yosinthidwa, ndi zina zotero, ikuphatikizidwanso mu gulu ili.

④ Mapulasitiki a cellulose a Thermoplastic.

Makamaka zimaphatikizapo cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellophane, cellophane ndi zina zotero.

Tingagwiritse ntchito zipangizo zonse zapulasitiki zomwe zili pamwambapa.
Nthawi zonse, PP ya chakudya ndi PP yachipatala zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zofanana ndimasipuni. Chitoliro cha pipetteimapangidwa ndi zinthu za HDPE, ndipochubu choyeseranthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi zinthu za PP kapena PS zapamwamba zachipatala. Tili ndi zinthu zambiri zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zosiyanasiyana, chifukwa ndifenkhunguwopanga, pafupifupi zinthu zonse zapulasitiki zimatha kupangidwa